Effectiveness of “Oral Health Care for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Module” in Improving Tooth-Brushing Practice among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

@#Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with behavioural problems which may affect children’s oral health statuses. Caregivers have crucial roles in caring for these children’s oral health. Thus, this study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Oral Health Care for Children with ASD (OHASD) Module in improving caregivers’ tooth-brushing difficulties in children ASD. Methods: Quasi-experimental study on caregivers of children with ASD aged 7 to 12 years who were registered at the Psychiatry Clinic Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kelantan. The sociodemographic data obtained, and behavioural problems were assessed. Tooth-brushing difficulties were evaluated at pre- and six months post-intervention using OHASD Module. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS 26.0. Results: A total of 32 Malay children with ASD including their caregivers participated in this study. Caregivers were mostly mothers (78.1%) and children were mostly boys (84.4%), with mean age (SD) of 39.1 (4.19) and 8.8 (1.52) years respectively. Parent-reported questionnaire using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) showed 65.6% of children were highly sensitive to noises, 53.1% sometimes stared at nothing or wandered without purpose and 59.4% were unable to imitate caregivers’ faces. Significant differences between pre- and post-intervention for items; children who liked to close their mouths, turn their heads in different directions, did not understand the purpose of tooth-brushing (P<0.05). Conclusion: OHASD Module is useful in assisting caregivers in practising daily tooth-brushing of children with ASD.

Relación de la condición bucal y el desarrollo psicomotor en niños de 6 y 7 años / Relationship between oral condition and psychomotor development in children aged 6 and 7 years

Introducción: La salud oral es un problema actual en la sociedad, las medidas preventivas como técnicas de cepillado deben de ser acorde a la destreza motriz. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las condiciones bucales y el desarrollo psicomotor en los niños de 6 y 7 años. Métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 30 niños en el rango de edad de 6 y 7 años, que acuden al colegio "Manuel Bonilla" (Lima, Perú). Estuvo dividida por 2 grupos, a los cuales se les enseñó dos técnicas de cepillado: técnica de Bass modificada y técnica de Fones. Se obtuvieron valores de condiciones bucales, según los niveles de índice gingival, índice de higiene y el nivel de severidad. Por otro lado, se adquirieron los niveles de psicomotricidad, evaluados mediante el test de Bruininks-Oseretsky. El análisis de los datos estadísticos se ejecutó con el programa SPSS y R. Resultados: Un grupo de 29 niños se incorporaron en la muestra y fueron analizados un total de 631 dientes. Los resultados demostraron una asociación positiva con un solo rango (índice de sangrado gingival) de condiciones bucales y aspectos psicomotores de niños entre 6 y 7 años. Adicionalmente, se encontró una asociación positiva entre la técnica de cepillado Bass Modifica y condiciones bucales óptimas. Conclusiones: Los resultados actuales sugieren una asociación marginal entre las variables estudiadas, que puede ser potencialmente más significativa con una ampliación sobre el número de muestra. A medida que el ser humano va desarrollando nuevas habilidades motoras, debería de tener un mejor dominio sobre las necesidades básicas de salud como la ponderación de una buena higiene bucal. Por lo tanto, es necesario recomendar técnicas de cepillado de acuerdo al nivel de desarrollo psicomotor del niño(AU)

Introduction: Oral health is a current problem in society; preventive measures such as brushing techniques must be according to motor skills. Objective: Evaluate the relationship between oral conditions and psychomotor development in children aged 6 and 7 years. Methods: The sample consisted of 30 children in the age range of 6 and 7 years, who attend "Manuel Bonilla" school (Lima, Peru). It was divided by 2 groups, which were taught two brushing techniques: Bass-modified technique and Fones technique. There were obtained values of oral conditions, according to the levels of gingival index, hygiene index and the level of severity. On the other hand, the levels of psychomotricity were acquired, evaluated by the Bruininks-Oseretsky test. The analysis of the statistical data was executed with the SPSS and R program. Results: A group of 29 children were incorporated into the sample and a total of 631 teeth were analyzed. The results demonstrated a positive association with a single range (gingival bleeding index) of oral conditions and psychomotor aspects of children between 6 and 7 years. Additionally, a positive association was found between the Bass Modifica brushing technique and optimal oral conditions. Conclusions: The current results suggest a marginal association between the variables studied, which may be potentially more significant with an increase in the sample number. As humans develop new motor skills, they should have a better command of basic health needs such as weighing good oral hygiene. Therefore, it is necessary to recommend brushing techniques according to the level of psychomotor development of the child(AU)

Agentes e métodos de descontaminação das escovas dentais - Uma revisão sistemática / Decontamination agents and methods of toothbrushes - A systematic review

Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática para avaliar os principais agentes e métodos de descontaminação das escovas dentais contra vírus, bactérias e fungos encontrados na literatura. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados LILACS® (Literatura científica e técnica da América Latina e Caribe/BVS ­ Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), MEDLINE® (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online / PubMed)®, EMBASE® (Elsevier), em agosto de 2020. Como critério de inclusão, foram selecionados artigos publicados entre os anos de 2010 e 2020, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, estudos de ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados, ensaios clínicos não randomizados e estudos in vitro, que avaliaram diferentes agentes e métodos de descontaminação das escovas dentais. Resultados: Foram recuperados um total de 2523 artigos, sendo qualificados para o estudo um total de 6 artigos "in vivo" e 4 "in vitro". O agente de descontaminação mais estudado e eficaz foi a clorexidina 0,12% (em forma de imersão ou spray), seguida pelo hipoclorito de sódio 1% e 2,5% (imersão), vinagre branco 50% (imersão), solução de cloreto de cetilpiridínio (imersão ou spray), micro-ondas e máquina de lavar-louças. Conclusão: Considerando as evidências de qualidade encontradas, a clorexidina 0,12% constitui o agente mais estudado e eficaz, seguido pelo hipoclorito de sódio 1 % e cloreto de cetilpiridínio, utilizados em forma de spray ou imersão, constituem soluções eficazes, de fácil acesso, que podem ser utilizadas pela população para descontaminação das escovas dentais.

Aim: To carry out a systematic review of articles found in the literature in order to evaluate the main agents and methods for decontaminating toothbrushes against viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Methods: A search was performed in LILACS® (Scientific and Technical Literature of Latin America and the Caribbean/VHL ­ Virtual Health Library), MEDLINE® (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online /PubMed)®, and EMBASE® databases (Elsevier), in August 2020. As inclusion criteria, articles published between 2010 and 2020, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, studies of randomized controlled clinical trials, non-randomized clinical trials, and in vitro studies were selected, which evaluated different agents and methods for decontaminating toothbrushes. Results: A total of 2,523 articles were retrieved, with a total of 6 in vivo and 4 in vitro articles deemed to be eligible for the study. The most studied and effective decontamination agent was 0.12% chlorhexidine (in immersion or spray form), followed by 1% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (immersion), 50% white vinegar (immersion), solution of cetylpyridinium chloride (dip or spray), microwave, and dishwasher. Conclusion: Considering the quality evidence found, 0.12% chlorhexidine is the most studied and effective agent, followed by 1% sodium hypochlorite and cetylpyridinium chloride, used in spray or immersion form; these are effective, easily accessible solutions that can be used by the population to decontaminate toothbrushes.

La higiene bucal en pacientes con tratamiento de Ortodoncia / Oral hygiene in patients with orthodontic treatment

RESUMEN Fundamento: Los pacientes con tratamiento de ortodoncia presentan alteraciones por la acumulación de placa que provoca los aparatos, lo que requiere de mayor control de la higiene bucal. Objetivo: Profundizar en los criterios actuales sobre la higiene bucal en pacientes con tratamiento de ortodoncia para mantener su salud bucal. Desarrollo: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos biomédicas: PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Ebsco, Cumed y Lilacs. De 86 artículos científicos se seleccionaron los 39 de mayor actualización. Se constataron las particularidades de la higiene bucal durante el tratamiento con aparatos fijos de ortodoncia, la existencia del Índice de placa de ortodoncia como índice ajustado para estos pacientes, los procedimientos para el control de la placa bacteriana, la relación entre el uso de aparatos y el pH salival, así como la importancia de la educación para la salud para aumentar la motivación de los pacientes hacia la higiene bucal. Conclusiones: La higiene bucal es el factor más importante en el mantenimiento de la salud periodontal y la prevención de caries dental durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia. Se requiere de la orientación por parte de los profesionales para motivar a los pacientes mediante la promoción y prevención de salud bucal.

ABSTRACT Background: Patients with orthodontic treatment present alterations due to the plaque addition caused by the appliances, which requires greater control of oral hygiene. Objective: To delve into the current criteria on oral hygiene in patients with orthodontic treatment to maintain their oral health. Development: A bibliographic search was conducted in biomedical databases: PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Ebsco, Cumed and Lilacs. Out of 86 scientific articles, the 39 most updated were selected. The accuracies of oral hygiene during the treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances, the existence of the Orthodontic Plaque Index as an adjusted index for these patients, the procedures for bacterial plaque control, the relationship between the use of appliances and salivary pH, as well as the importance of health education to increase patients' motivation towards oral hygiene were ascertained. Conclusions: Oral hygiene is the most important factor to preserve periodontal health and prevent dental caries during orthodontic treatment. Guidance by professionals is required to motivate patients through oral health promotion and prevention.

La higiene oral y los efectos de la terapia periodontal mecánica / Oral hygiene and effects of mechanical periodontal therapy

Introducción: Las enfermedades periodontales junto con la caries dental son las patologías más frecuentes que afectan los dientes y tejidos circundantes. El principal agente etiológico es el acúmulo de biopelícula dental bacteriana ya sea en las fosas y fisuras de los dientes como en el surco gingival. Objetivo: La presente revisión narrativa tuvo por objetivo sintetizar los resultados de la terapia mecánica sobre la higiene oral al ser indicadas en pacientes con diagnóstico de periodontitis. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo que se basó en una revisión crítica de las publicaciones relacionadas a la terapia periodontal mecánica en las bases de datos: Scopus, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), MEDLINE (Pubmed), ScienceDirect así como el buscador Google académico. En cada base de datos se realizó una búsqueda libre de la información con un límite de 10 años de antigüedad de las fuentes de información para analizar tanto fuentes antiguas como actuales. Resultados: De una búsqueda inicial de 678 artículos se incluyeron 52 estudios que compararon técnicas de higiene oral, así como revisiones sistemáticas que sintetizaron el efecto de la terapia mecánica periodontal. Conclusiones: El tratamiento periodontal debe ser considerado la terapia inicial para la periodontitis, debe incluir instrucción en técnicas de higiene para el control de la biopelícula dental y el debridamiento mecánico de las zonas afectadas. No se ha demostrado que una técnica de cepillado manual específica sea superior a otras, por tanto, se debería aplicar aquella que mejor pueda manejar el paciente. No se encontró evidencia que demuestre que el uso del hilo dental disminuya eficientemente los índices de biopelícula dental y parámetros gingivales debido a la dificultad por parte del paciente para emplear adecuadamente la técnica(AU)

Introduction: Periodontal diseases together with dental caries are the most frequent pathologies affecting the teeth and surrounding tissues. The main etiological agent is the accumulation of bacterial dental biofilm in the pits and fissures of the teeth and the gingival sulcus. Objective: The present narrative review aimed to synthesize the results of mechanical therapy on oral hygiene when it is indicated in patients with the diagnosis of periodontitis. Material and methods: A descriptive study was conducted. It was based on a critical review of some articles related to mechanical periodontal therapy published in databases such as Scopus, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), PubMed/ MEDLINE and ScienceDirect. Google search engine was also used. A free search for information was carried out in each database. An age limit of 10 years was established for the analysis of both old and current sources. Results: The initial search included 678 articles. Of these, 52 studies that compared oral hygiene techniques as well as systematic reviews that synthesized the effect of mechanical periodontal therapy were included. Conclusions: Periodontal treatment should be considered as the initial therapy for the treatment of periodontitis. It should include oral hygiene instructions for the control of dental biofilm and mechanical debridement of the affected areas. A specific manual brushing technique has not been proven to bebetter than others; therefore, the one that can best be performed by the patient should be used. There was no proven evidence that effective flossing reduces dental biofilm indexes and gingival parameters due to the patient difficulty to adequately perform the technique(AU)

The effectiveness of apple, sugar-free chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and tooth brushing in the reduction of plaque index: Crossover randomized clinical trial

Background: The implementation of the self-cleaning practice is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of oral health and to remove the human dental biofilm which is considered the main etiological factor for the development of caries and periodontal diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apples as forms of mechanical control and removal of the dental biofilm in the absence of brushing. Materials and Methods: Eighteen volunteers were submitted to plaque index evaluation after a period of 24 hours of no oral hygiene. Then, they would use one of the methods: chewing gum, Rolly Brush®, apple or tooth brushing, chosen by a draw, for one minute, and then, plaque index was evaluated again. This stage was repeated until all participants were submitted to all selected methods, in periods of 24 hours each. Results: Dental brushing was more effective when compared to each of the other methods applied and there was a statistically significant reduction of dental plaque index after apllying all methods of cleaning in all groups. Conclusion: Chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apple may be used as auxiliary to dental brushing or when such method is impossible to be performed. Clinicaltrials.gov: number of protocol NCT 03.601.585.

Fundamento: A implementação da prática de autolimpeza é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da saúde bucal e remoção do biofilme dental humano que é considerado o principal fator etiológico para o desenvolvimento de cáries e doenças periodontais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã como formas de controle mecânico e remoção do biofilme dental na ausência de escovação. Materiais e Métodos: Dezoito voluntários foram submetidos à avaliação do índice de placa após um período de 24 horas sem higiene bucal. Em seguida, utilizariam um dos métodos: goma de mascar, Rolly Brush®, ingerir uma maçã e escovar os dentes, escolhida por sorteio, por um minuto, e então, o índice de placa era novamente avaliado. Essa etapa foi repetida até que todos os participantes fossem submetidos a todos os métodos selecionados, em períodos de 24 horas cada. Resultados: A escovação dentária foi mais eficaz quando comparada a cada um dos outros métodos aplicados e houve redução estatisticamente significativa do índice de placa dentária após a aplicação do método de limpeza em todos os grupos. Conclusão: Goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã podem ser utilizados como auxiliares da escovação dentária ou quando tal método for impossível de ser realizado. Clinicaltrials.gov: Número do protocolo NCT 03.601.585.

The primary investigation and experiment of a community-based family dentist model for children aged 1-3 years old in Wuhan / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To explore the effect of a community family doctor model on caries management for children aged 1 to 3 years in Wuhan, and to provide basis for community prevention and control of children’s caries.@*Methods@#Using stratified randomization and paired sampling, 1 000 children aged 1 to 3 years were selected from the core community of the Wuhan Donghu High-tech Zone. The trial group was followed up 4 times a year at home or in the clinic, and the control group was followed up only at the baseline and the endpoint (2 years later). Caries and caries status were examined at baseline and 2 years later, and brushing behavior was investigated by questionnaire. @* Results @#The prevalence/dmft in the test group and control group after two years were 15.8%/1.41 and 46.6%/3.25, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant. The frequency with which parents helped their children to brush in the test group improved significantly compared to that of the control group.@* Conclusion @#For children aged 1 to 3 years, the dental family doctor model of caries prevention is economical and effective, and its application and promotion are recommended.

Combination of toothbrushing and chlorhexidine compared with exclusive use of chlorhexidine to reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review with meta-analysis

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine alone and 0.12% chlorhexidine in combination with toothbrushing to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in mechanically ventilated patients. The Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature, PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Scopus, LIVIVO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, OpenThesis, and Open Access Thesis and Dissertations databases were used. Only randomized controlled trials without restrictions on the year or language of publication were included. Two reviewers assessed the risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool. A meta-analysis using a random-effects model estimated the combined relative risk (RR). The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. Initially, 2,337 studies were identified, of which 4 were considered in the systematic review and 3 in the meta-analysis (total sample: 796 patients). The studies were published between 2009 and 2017. All eligible studies had a low risk of bias. The meta-analysis revealed that the risk of VAP was 24% lower in patients receiving chlorhexidine combined with toothbrushing than in those receiving chlorhexidine alone (RR: 0.76; 95% confidence interval: 0.55-1.06), with moderate certainty of evidence and without statistical significance. In conclusion, considering the limitations of this study, a standard protocol for the prevention of VAP is not yet recommended. More studies with larger sample sizes are needed to draw strong conclusions. However, considering that toothbrushing is a simple intervention, it should be a common practice in mechanically ventilated patients, especially among patients with coronavirus disease.

Efficacy of different tooth-brushing methods for removing dental plaque / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to measure the efficacy of different tooth-brushing methods for removing plaque in Korea. METHODS: This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Seoul National University School of Dentistry (S-D20180021). Thirty participants aged between 19 and 30 years, who did not have periodontal disease, were enrolled in this observational study. Participants were given the same type of toothbrush and toothpaste and asked to brush their teeth as they usually would. During brushing, participants were recorded with a camcorder that was attached to a mirror. Participants were aware they were being recorded. After they had finished brushing their teeth, a dental plaque staining and oral plaque index (PI) examination was performed. The PI score was measured using the Turesky modified Quigley Hein Index. Brushing methods were classified as rolling, horizontal, vertical, circling, and oblique. Skipped surfaces were recorded separately. Following this, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Most surfaces of the mouth were skipped. The most commonly used brushing method was the circling method, followed by the vertical, horizontal, rolling, and oblique methods. The most frequently used method on the vestibular surface was circling, with 52.92% of the oral surface skipped. The oblique brushing method had the lowest mean PI score with a mean±SD of 1.73±0.82. The mean PI score of the skipped surfaces was the highest with a mean±SD of 2.52±0.81. We also analyzed the linear mixed model considering the different lengths of time spent brushing. Both the brushing method used and the time spent brushing had a significant effect on the PI score, but no interactions between these were observed. In areas where a horizontal brushing method had been used, the PI score was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the horizontal brushing method is an efficient tooth-brushing method compared to the other methods. Additionally, tooth-brushing for more than 10 seconds on 3 to 4 teeth area was effective in removing dental biofilm.

Periodontal profile and oral hygiene status in pregnants at maternity hospital in the state of Goias, Brazil

ABSTRACT: Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal status of women during pregnancy attended in a maternity hospital, as well as their oral hygiene habits. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed by 100 pregnant women, ranging from their first to ninth month of pregnancy, were examined at a maternity hospital in Goiás, Brazil. They received information about oral hygiene techniques and they were submmited a periodontal examination in a dentist's office, where the Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) codes were verified along with bleeding on probing and tooth loss. Results: About their pregnancy period, the most (46%) were in their third trimester at the time of this study. The gingival index showed an average of 12% and 90% of the patients presented PSR Code 2. As for dental hygiene, 55% reported brushing three times a day and 48% used dental floss daily. Conclusion: The most pregnant women in the third trimester, showed a prevalence for gingivitis. They reported brushing their teeth three times a day and using dental floss daily.

Homecare protective and risk factors for early childhood caries in Japan

BACKGROUND@#Early childhood caries (ECC) affects children across Japan and throughout the world. Thus, it is important to identify dietary and dental care habits that either promote oral health or cause ECC. The objective of this study was to identify protective and risk factors associated with ECC in Japan.@*METHODS@#In a typical rural Japanese community, we selected children born between 2004 and 2008 who had received checkups at their community health center including oral examinations conducted by dentists. We obtained data from children's records and from a questionnaire filled out by parents. We enrolled only children who at their checkup for 18-month-olds had no caries, and we obtained data about them at their checkup for 3-year-olds. We classified children as either having caries (treated or untreated) or being caries-free. We conducted bivariate analyses using data on child/family demographic characteristics, child's dietary habits, and child/parental oral health habits. We also conducted logistic regression analysis to control for variables and identify predictors of the presence/absence of caries.@*RESULTS@#Five hundred sixty six children (278 boys, 288 girls) were enrolled and followed. After 2 years, 173 children (30.6%) presented with caries. Logistic regression analysis predicting caries at follow-up identified the interaction term "bottlefed overnight and brushed irregularly" at 18 months of age as a highly significant predictor of developing caries-adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 14.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-199.71. Two variables measured at follow-up were also significant predictors: having low levels of dental plaque (AOR 2.41, 95% CI 1.34-4.35) and having a mother who had untreated caries (AOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.09-3.12).@*CONCLUSION@#Public health efforts should encourage parents to eliminate bottle feeding overnight and promote brushing twice daily as children's teeth begin to erupt. Greater efforts should be made to teach parents and daytime caregivers how to brush effectively to remove all plaque. Health professionals should pay close attention to mothers' oral health status. Mothers with caries should receive prompt treatment and be assisted in developing better dietary and oral health habits that will benefit themselves and their children. Policies and programs should focus more on family oral health rather than just child oral health.

Correlation of caries susceptibility with different means of tooth surface and patients' oral hygiene habits after interproximal enamel reduction in clinical practice / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To explore the correlation of caries susceptibility of patients with the immediate tooth polish,application of fluoride,and the patients' oral hygiene habits after interproximal enamel reduction (IER) in clinical practice.Methods The present study retrospectively collected 45 cases of IER (18 males and 27 females) in 196 tooth sites.Each sample was examined clinically and radiologically to obtain the incidence of caries,and the outcome was correlated with amount of IER,tooth polish,application of fluoride,and the brushing method and frequency for statistical analysis.Results The present study showed that there was no statistical significance among the amount of IER,the site of IER,the patients' brushing method,and the gender with the susceptibility of caries.However,there was statistical significance among the application of fluoride,tooth polish and brushing frequency with the susceptibility of caries.Conclusions The current research suggests that it is desirable to polish tooth and apply fluoride for patients with IER in clinical practices.In the meanwhile,the clinician should pay attention to patients' oral hygiene habits,especially brushing frequency,due to the positive correlation between the brushing frequency and incidence of caries.

The effect of sodium bicarbonate abrasives in toothpaste on dental plaque removal: A pilot study

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:</strong> The role of dental plaque as the etiology of caries and periodontal diseases has long been established. Therefore, plaque control is central to the prevention and management of these oral diseases. Among the different means of self-performed plaque control, brushing is the most essential. Moreover, toothpaste is a common adjunct during tooth brushing, as its abrasive contents are believed to enhance plaque removal. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of plaque removal when brushing with a sodium bicarbonate abrasive-containing toothpaste, compared to brushing using an abrasive-free toothpaste.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> Twelve students from the University of the Philippines College of Dentistry participated in the study. The subjects discontinued all oral hygiene measures for a minimum of 48 hours. Using the Modified Bass technique, they performed tooth brushing for two minutes, using either an abrasive-free or abrasive containing toothpaste. Toothpaste allocation was randomized via fishbowl method. Pre-brushing and post brushing plaque scores were recorded using the Turesky modification of Quigley-Hein plaque index. A washout period of 11 days was implemented before crossover to the second round, wherein employed toothpastes were switched. The difference in plaque reduction between the two kinds of toothpaste was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: </strong>Overall plaque reductions were 75% for the abrasive-free toothpaste and 73% for the abrasive-containing toothpaste. The difference between the toothpaste was statistically insignificant (p=0.48). Therefore, based on the study, brushing with a sodium bicarbonate abrasive-containing toothpaste resulted in similar levels of plaque removal, compared to brushing with an abrasive-free toothpaste. There is insufficient evidence that abrasives in toothpaste result in more effective dental plaque removal. </p>

Differences in smoking and tooth brushing habits among general high school and vocational high school students / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in smoking and toothbrushing habits between vocational and general high school students, using data from the 10th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. METHODS: This study performed a complex samples cross-tabulation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify differences in smoking and brushing habits according to the school type on 35,904 students from 400 sample high schools. The final model of logistic regression analysis was adjusted for gender, grade, subjective socioeconomic status, paternal education, and maternal education. RESULTS: The risks of having experienced smoking and current smoking among vocational high school students were 2.3 times and 2.8 times higher compared with general high school students, respectively (P < 0.001). The risks of brushing teeth less than 3 times a day and not brushing teeth after lunch were 1.4 times and 2.0 times higher compared with general high school students, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests the need for developing and implementing an oral health program that reflects the characteristics of vocational high schools to reduce the differences in smoking and toothbrushing habits between general and vocational high school students.

Periodontal health status of adolescents aged 15 years in Jinju city / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of adolescents aged 15 years in Jinju city. METHODS: The study subjects were 506 adolescents aged 15 years in Jinju city. We investigated the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) recommended by the WHO. Data on the frequency of daily tooth-brushing were collected through self-reported questionnaires. The information obtained on both the periodontal health status and frequency of daily toothbrushing of adolescents in Jinju city was compared with the data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2015 (KNHANES-VI). The software utilized in the analysis was SPSS version 23. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The rate of healthy periodontal status in Jinju city was lower compared to KNHANES-VI (57.7% versus 63.7%). The rate of gingival bleeding in Jinju city and KNHANES-VI was 11.3% and 10.8%, respectively. The rate of calculus in Jinju city and KNHANES-VI was 31.0% and 25.6%, respectively. The rates of gingival bleeding and calculus were not significantly different between Jinju city and KNHANES-VI. The healthy periodontal segments in Jinju city were more than those in KNHANES-VI (5.43 versus 5.25). The bleeding periodontal segments in Jinju city were less than those in KNHANES-VI (0.25 versus 0.45). However, the periodontal segments with calculus in Jinju city were not significantly different from those of KNHANES-VI (0.31 versus 0.30). The frequency of daily tooth-brushing in Jinju city was more than that in KNHANES-VI (2.67 versus 2.47). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that appropriate oral health education should be widely conducted to promote periodontal health in adolescents.

Reviews of Literature on Dental Plaque Control and Oral Hygiene Education in Korea / 치위생과학회지

The purpose of this study was to understand the effectiveness of oral health education (OHE) or oral hygiene instruction (OHI) involving professional plaque control/removal, as compared to conventional plaque control/removal. By means of a systematic review of the literature, in the review of literature by using systematic method, Korean articles of plaque control including OHE or OHI, were studied in order to analyze and conclude the literature to enhance oral health. We found that self and professional plaque control/removal, in addition to tooth brushing instructions, decreased incidence and prevalence of loss of teeth. Taken together, professional mechanical plaque removals were most effective 4~5 visits every 1~2 weeks. Use of disclosing agent was more effective than oral education or model education. In line with oral hygiene education, professional brushing, oral prophylaxis, scaling and root planing, it was advisable to repeat the training according to the characteristics of the patient. Routine OHE or OHI would be help to increase to oral health. For a quality of life related oral health, reliability and validity of data are needed to develop and its data should be applied to dental health insurance policy.

Comparación de diferentes técnicas de cepillado para la higiene bucal / Comparison of different tooth brushing techniques for oral hygiene

El principal factor etiológico a controlar por parte de los profesionales de la salud bucal, es la placa bacteriana, la cual desencadena diferentes enfermedades como la caries dental, la enfermedad periodontal y otras enfermedades de carácter infeccioso. Se ha observado que para la remoción de la placa bacteriana, el método más efectivo es el cepillado, el cual, realizándolo de manera adecuada garantiza la higiene oral; sumado a este método se encuentra el uso de enjuagues bucales, la seda dental y los dentífricos como complemento para el mantenimiento de la salud bucal. A través del tiempo, diferentes autores se han preocupado por describir técnicas de cepillado, las más mencionadas son: La técnica de Bass modificada, la técnica vibratoria de Charters, la técnica de Stillman modificada, la técnica Fones y la técnica Scrub; se ha hecho énfasis en que lo importante es realizar un cepillado minucioso que garantice la remoción de la placa de forma adecuada: pero, si es necesario escoger una en especial, se hará según la situación clínica de cada paciente. Para lograr los objetivos de la higiene oral no basta con describir las técnicas y métodos existentes para lograrla, si no, que es fundamental la educación y promoción de la salud oral, por lo que los odontólogos e higienistas bucales deben orientarse a lograr que las personas se concienticen de la necesidad del autocuidado y garantizar que realicen una técnica de cepillado que remueva efectivamente los residuos alimenticios y microorganismos que ayudan en la formación de la biopelícula.

The main etiological factor to control by oral health professionals has been the bacterial plaque, which cause different illness such as dental caries, periodontal disease and another infectious. It has been observed that for the removal of bacterial plaque, the most effective method has been tooth brushing , this one guarantees oral hygiene if you do it in a correct way, in addition to this there are more methods as mouthwash, dental floss and tooth paste as a complement to the maintenance of oral health. Trough time, different authors has been concerned about describing tooth brushing techniques, the most popular are: the bass modified technique, the charters vibratory technique , the stillman modified technique , the fones technique and the scrub technique; it has been emphasized that the most important thing it's the performance of a meticulous tooth brushing that guarantees the complete removal of plaque on an correct way: but the important thing is to choose one technique, this one will be done according to the clinical situation. To achieve the objectives to a correct oral hygiene its not enough to describe the techniques ant different methods to do this, the fundamental thing is the education and the oral health promotion, that's why the dentists and oral hygienists must orient to achieve that people get aware of the need for self- care and guarantee that they perform a correct tooth brushing technique, capable of remove food waste and microorganisms that help the formation of biofilm.

Índice c. e. o. d de niños en situación de discapacidad y su relación con hábitos de higiene y frecuencia de controles odontológicos en Instituto Teletón Santiago-Chile / DMFT index in children with disabilities and its associationwith hygiene habits and frequency of dental controls in Instituto Teletón, Santiago

Introduction: The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry considers that people with disabilities have a higher risk of developing oral diseases. Objectives: To establish the prevalence of caries in 4 and 5 year-old children with disabilities attending Instituto Teletón in Santiago, and determine the association with oral hygiene habits and frequency of visits to the Baby Clinic (preventive program from the first year of life). Patients and Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out with 101, 4 and 5 year-old children with disabilities and active dental treatment in Instituto Teletón in Santiago. The presence of caries was assessed between October and December 2015, according to WHO criteria. Data obtained were recorded in a patient assessment form. Legal tutors completed a survey on hygiene habits and the clinical record was reviewed to account for the visits made to the Baby Clinic. Results: Prevalence of caries was 27.7 percent with an average DMFT index of 2.71 (CI 95 percent:1.89-3.74). A significant association was established between this index, and age and attendance to the Baby Clinic (p < 0.05), but not with hygiene habits (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The DMFT index obtained is similar to that of healthy patients of the same age in other studies at national level. Age and attendance to dental controls in the Baby Clinic are determining factors of caries in children with disabilities.

Introducción: La Academia Americana de Odontología Pediátrica considera que las personas en situación de discapacidad tienen un riesgo mayor de desarrollar enfermedades bucodentales. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de caries en niños de 4 y 5 años en situación de discapacidad atendidos en Instituto Teletón Santiago, y establecer asociación con hábitos de higiene y frecuencia de visitas a la Clínica del bebé (Programa preventivo desde el primer año de vida). Pacientes y Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, con 101 pacientes de 4 y 5 años de edad, en situación de discapacidad y tratamiento odontológico activo en Instituto Teletón Santiago. Se evaluó presencia de caries entre los meses de octubre y diciembre 2015 según los criterios de la OMS. Los datos obtenidos se registraron en un formulario de evaluación de pacientes. El tutor legal completó una encuesta de hábitos de higiene y se revisó la ficha clínica para determinar visitas a la Clínica del bebé. Resultados: Se obtuvo una prevalencia de caries del 27,7 por ciento con un índice c.e.o.d. promedio de 2,71 (IC 95 por ciento:1,89-3,74). Se estableció una relación significativa entre éste y edad y asistencia a la Clínica del bebé (p < 0,05), pero no para hábitos de higiene (p > 0,05). Conclusiones: El c.e.o.d obtenido es similar a pacientes sanos de la misma edad de otros estudios nacionales. La edad y la asistencia a controles dentales en la Clínica del bebé son factores determinantes para la caries dental de niños en situación de discapacidad.

Comparación del tiempo de cepillado de la técnica habitual con la técnica de bass en estudiantes de odontología / Comparison of brushing time with the usual technique and bass technique on dental students

El proceso de cambio de hábitos comienza con la educación del paciente, promocionando el desarrollo de un aceptable control de la placa. Dentro de este contexto, varios métodos se emplean para ejecutarlo, sin embargo el valor de cepillado en la prevención depende no solo del tipo de cepillo de dientes, sino también en la técnica de cepillado apropiada y del tiempo que se dedique a la ejecución del mismo. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los tiempos de cepillado con técnica habitual y de Bass en estudiantes de la Cátedra de Odontología Preventiva de la Universidad del Pacífico. El estudio es cuasi-experimental e incluyó la participación de 21 estudiantes del primer año de la carrera de Odontología matriculados en el 2014.En la clase previa al desarrollo del contenido programático "Control mecánico de placa microbiana", se invitó a participar del estudio a todos los estudiantes. Con un espejo de rostro y el cepillo personal del estudiante se le solicitó a cada uno que proceda a cepillarse con su técnica habitual y posterior a la clase, con la de Bass, se registraron en la ficha los tiempos que cada uno tomo, en segundos, a través cronómetro digital. El tiempo promedio con la técnica de Bass fue significativamente (p<0,0001) mayor que con la técnica habitual (193,9±51,9versus 109,6±34,5segundos). El mayor tiempo que se ocupa para el cepillado con la técnica de Bass puede resultar particularmente importante, considerando que el ritmo actual de vida del estudiante y de la población en general implica una carrera contra reloj, limitando así las posibilidades de un adecuado control mecánico de la placa microbiana, reconocida como uno de los más importantes factores cariogénico y periodontopático.

The process of changing habits starts with patient’s education, promoting thedevelopment of an acceptable plaque control. Within this context, several methods areused, however, the value of brushing in prevention depends not only on the type oftoothbrush, but also in the art of proper brushing and time devoted to the execution of it.The aim of this study was to compare regular brushing times and Bass techniques instudents of the Department of Preventive Dentistry at the Universidad del Pacífico. TheQuasi-experimental study involves the participation of 21 first year students of the career ofDentistry enrolled in 2014. In the previous class to the development of the content"Mechanical control of microbial plaque", all students were invited to participate in thisstudy. Using a mirror and personal thoot brushe very student was asked to proceed to brushing with conventional technique and after class using Bass technique, time spent inevery process was measured by a digital stopwatch and written in the file. The average timeusing Bass technique was significantly greater than (p <0.0001) using the standardtechnique (193.9 ± 51.9 versus 109.6 ± 34.5 seconds). More time dealing for brushingusing Bass technique may be particularly important given the current pace of student lifeand the population generally involves a time rush, limiting the possibilities of a suitablemechanical control of microbial plaque, recognized as one of the more important cariogenicand periodontopathic facts.

Comparative evaluation of tooth substance loss and its correlation with the abrasivity and chemical composition of different dentifrices.

Context: In India, teeth cleaning with tooth powder is common in rural and semi‑urban areas. These dentifrices may contain low‑quality abrasives, which may have a deleterious effect on dental hard tissues. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the tooth substance loss caused by different dentifrices and to correlate it with chemical composition, size, and shape of abrasives used. Settings and Design: An indigenously made automated machine was used for brushing the specimens. Materials and Methods: Sixty‑four freshly extracted premolars were allocated to eight groups (n = 8). Colgate toothpaste was used as the control group. Each specimen was brushed in a vertical motion for 2½ h at 200 strokes/min with a constant applied load of 200 g corresponding to 6‑month brushing. The difference in weight (pre‑ and post‑brushing) was determined by an analytical weighing machine. Chemical analysis was done to determine the presence of iron oxide by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry method. Shape and size of the abrasive particles was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical Analysis Used: One‑way analysis of variance and Paired t‑test were used to analyze the data. Results: Tooth substance loss was maximum in the group brushed with red tooth powder, which was shown to contain the highest amount of iron oxide and also exhibited large, irregularly shaped abrasive particles under SEM. Conclusions: Tooth substance loss was documented to be correlated with chemical composition (iron oxide) and the size and shape of abrasive particles used in dentifrices.